Research: Topics: Environment: Environmental Affairs in NY: An Historical Overview
Environmental Affairs in New York State: An Historical Overview
5. Endnotes
[1] Contact Brad Edmondson , P.O. Box 924, Ithaca, New York; (607) 272-1832; or brade@lightlink.com.
[2] United States Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States 1997, tables 367, 1098, 1334; New York State Canal System, Albany, NY; in internet at http://www.canals.ny.gov/corporation/index.html;
Alerich, Carol L., "Results
of the 1993 Forest Inventory: a Look at New York’s Forest Resource,"
In: Conference proceedings: The Empire Forest - changes and challenges,
Syracuse, NY, Nov. 13-14, 1995. Syracuse, State University of New York,
College of
Environmental Science and Forestry. pp.3-11.
[3] Statistical Abstract of the United States 1997, tables 405, 432.
[4] See Nash, Roderick. 1973. Wilderness and the American Mind. Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 300 p.
[5] Graham, Frank Jr., The Audubon Ark. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1990, p.9.
[6] Published in 1877; listed in "An Adirondack Chronology," Protect the Adirondacks! Inc., Schenectady NY; on Internet at http://www.protectadks.org/adk-resources/adirondack-chronology/.
[7] The Audubon Ark, p. 129
[8] Wadsworth, Bruce, and contributors, With Wilderness at Heart: A Short History of the Adirondack Mountain Club, Pub. by Adirondack Mountain Club, Lake George, NY, 1996., p. 18.
[9] Snow, C.P., "The Moon Landing," Look, August 26, 1969, p. 72, quoted in Crosby, Alfred W., "The Past and Present of Environmental History," American Historical Review, October 1995, p. 1177.
[10] The Audubon Ark, p. 254
[11] With Wilderness at Heart, p. 34.
[12] "The Past and Present of Environmental History," p. 1186.
[13] Quoted in DeCourcy Hinds, Michael, "The Politics of Pollution," American Demographics, May 2000
[14] The Environment Encyclopedia and Directory, Europa Publications Limited, London, 1994; National Wildlife Federation, Conservation Directory, 45th Edition, National Wildlife Federation, Vienna, Virginia, 2000.
2. Before 1895: Discovering Nature
[15] Cooper, William. 1810. A Guide in the Wilderness or the History of the First Settlements in the Western Counties of New York with Useful Instructions to Future Settlers; Bradford, William. Of Plymouth Plantation, 1620-1647; quoted in Nash Roderick. 1973. Wilderness and the American Mind. Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 300 p.
[16] New York Times, Sept. 26, 1889, quoted in Terrie, Philip. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve. Temple University Press, Philadelphia, 1985. p. 108.
[17] Marsh, George Perkins. Man and Nature; or, Physical Geography as Modified by Human Action. New York, 1864; re-issued by Harvard University Press, 1965.
[18] Chateaubriand, 1816. Recollections on Italy, England, and America. Quoted in Nash, p. 49.
[19] Burrows, Edwin G. and Wallace, Mike, 1999. Gotham: A History of New York City. Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, p. 576.
[20] Hoffman, Charles Fenno, 1836. American Monthly Magazine, Vol. 8, 469-78.
[21] Headley, Joel T., 1849. The Adirondack: or Life In The Woods (New York)
[22] Griscom cited in Burrows and Wallace, p. 784.
[23] Nash, p. 77.
[24] quoted in Nash, p. 82
[25] Olmsted, Frederick Law, "The Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Big Tree Grove," in Landscape Architecture, 43 (1952) p. 12-25.
[26] Berton, Pierre, 1994. Niagara: A History of The Falls. Penguin USA, New York.
[27] "An Adirondack Chronology," Protect the Adirondacks! Inc., Schenectady NY; on Internet at http://www.protectadks.org/adk-resources/adirondack-chronology/; Wild, Peter, 1986. Pioneer Conservationists of Eastern America. Mountain Press Publishing Company, Missoula, Montana. pp. 15, 27, 55.
[28] From Burroughs, John. Accepting the Universe (1920). Quoted in Kanze, Edward, 1996. The World of John Burroughs . Sierra Club Books, San Francisco, p. 130.
[29] Nash, Roderick, 1989. The Rights of Nature. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison. p. 46
[30] ibid., p. 48.
[31] Burroughs and Wallace, p. 790
[32] ibid., p. 1197.
[33] McKelvey, Blake, "Water for Rochester," in Rochester History, July 1972, p. 1-24.
[34] Burroughs and Wallace, p. 1197.
[35] Murray quoted in Graham, Frank Jr., 1978. The Adirondack Park: A Political History. Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, p. 46.
[36] Annual report of Willard State Hospital, 1871. Quoted in Edmondson, Brad. Silent Voices: Four New York State Asylums, 1982. Unpublished.
[37] Terrie, Philip G., 1997. Contested Terrain: A New History of Nature and People in the Adirondacks. Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, p. 86-7; Graham, p. 46-50.
[38] ibid., p. 75.
[39] Hammond, Samuel H., 1857. Wild Northern Scenes; or Sporting Adventures With the Rifle And Rod, quoted in Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind, p. 104.
[40] Quoted in Graham, p. 68.
[41] Graham, p. 33.
[42] Terrie, p. 53.
[43] Nash, Wilderness And The American Mind, p. 105
[44] Burroughs and Wallace, Gotham, p. 1229.
[45] Quoted in Graham, p. 99.
[46] Dates from "An Adirondack Chronology", Association for the Protection of the Adirondacks.
[47] Quoted in Terrie, Philip G., 1985. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve. Temple University Press, Philadelphia, 1985, p. 98.
[48] Van Valkenburgh, Norman, "Origin of the Catskill Forest Preserve," in The Forest Preserve, September 1997, Association for the Protection of the Adirondacks, Schenectady, NY.
[49] Terrie, Contested Terrain, p. 97.
[50] Quoted in Graham, p. 124.
[51] ibid., p. 131.
[52] ibid., p. 40.
[53] Cunningham, Lynn, "History and Significance of Fausset Point Site and Buildings," excerpt from nomination form to National Register of Historic Places, prepared for the Lodi, NY Historical Society.
3. 1895 To 1970: The Conservation Era
[54] Graham, Frank, Jr., 1978. The Adirondack Park: A Political History. Syracuse University Press, Syracuse NY, page 133.
[55] Quoted in Terrie, Philip, 1985. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve. Temple University Press, Philadelphia. P. 107.
[56] Puleston, Dennis, "Birth and Early Days," in Marion Lane Rogers, 1990. Acorn Days: The Environmental Defense Fund and How it Grew, Environmental Defense, New York, NY, p. 23.
[57] Osborn, Fairfield, 1948. Our Plundered Planet.
[58] Morris, Edmund, 1979. The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt. Coward, McCann & Geogheghan, New York, p. 385.
[59] Hays, Samuel P., 1972. Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency: The Progressive Conservation Movement, 1890-1920, Atheneum, New York, p. 47.
[60] Terrie, Philip, 1997. Contested Terrain: A New History of Nature and People in the Adirondacks. The Adirondack Museum, Blue Mountain Lake, p. 131.
[61] Graham, p. 171.
[62] Quoted in Terrie, Forever Wild, p. 129.
[63] Wadsworth, Bruce, and contributors, 1996. With Wilderness At Heart: A Short History of the Adirondack Mountain Club. Adirondack Mountain Club, Lake George, New York, p. 11, 23.
[64] Marshall, Robert, "The Problem of Wilderness," Scientific Monthly, February 1930, p. 148.
[65] Information at http://wilderness.org/.
[66] Quoted in Graham, p. 173.
[67] Graham, p. 197-207.
[68] Graham, Frank Jr., 1990. The Audubon Ark. Alfred A. Knopf, New York; "From Outrage to Action: the Story of the National Audubon Society," pamphlet produced by the National Audubon Society, New York, NY.
[69] Graham, Ark, p. 102.
[70] Quoted in Nash, Roderick, 19XX. The Rights of Nature. Yale University Press, NewHaven, p. 60.
[71] Quoted in Worster, Donald, 19XX. Nature’s Economy. Sierra Club Books, San Francisco, p. 276
[72] "50 Years of Saving Great Places," Nature Conservancy, January-February 2001, p. 21.
[73] Ibid, p. 12.
[74] Ibid, p. 25.
[75] Hays, Samuel P., 1972. Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency. New York, Atheneum Press, p. 144.
[76] Dorf, Philip, 19XX. Liberty Hyde Bailey: An Informal Biography. Cornell University Press, Ithaca NY, p. 109.
[77] Ibid., p. 167, 214; Nash, The Rights of Nature, p. 57.
Robert Moses and Franklin Roosevelt
[78] Organizations supervised by the Division of Parks included the State Council of Parks; the New York State Reservation at Niagara; the Palisades International Park; the Allegheny State Park; the Finger Lakes State Parks Commission; the Long Island State Park Commission; the Taconic and Central New York State Parks Commissions; and the functions of the American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society, including Letchworth State Park. In 2000, some of these organizations continued to operate as regional divisions of the State Office of Parks, Recreation, and Historic Preservation.
[79] Shabecoff, Philip, 1993. A Fierce Green Fire: The American Environmental Movement. Hill and Wang, New York City, p. 80.
[80] "Origins of the Finger Lakes National Forest," pamphlet distributed by the US Forest Service: contact (607) 546-4470.
[81] More information: http://www.fws.gov.
[82] Donald B. Dodd, editor, 1993. Historical Statistics of the States of the United States: Two Centuries of the Census, 1790-1990. Greenwood Press, Westport Connecticut, p. 233-4.
[83] "State Forests Outside the Catskill and Adirondack Parks," New York State Department of Environmental Protection brochure LF P-237 (4/87).
Pollution Control: Water, Air, and Land
[84] Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970, House document no. 93-78, 1975; Series B, 116-125.
[85] Nelson A. Rockefeller Institute of Government, 1996. The Department of Environmental Conservation: A 25th Anniversary Review. Nelson A. Rockfeller Institute of Government, Albany, NY. p. 166.
[86] More information: http://www.kab.org/site/PageServer?pagename=index.
4. 1970 to 2000: The Environmental Machine
[87] Shabecoff, Philip, 1993. A Fierce Green Fire: The American Environmental Movement. Hill and Wang, New York, p. 113.
[88] Stone, I.F., 1970. "How Earth Day Was Polluted," in The I.F. Stone’s Weekly Reader. Random House, New York, p. 3.
[89] The Gallup Report, June 1989, No. 285, and periodic updates.
[90] Hays, Samuel P., 1987. Beauty, Health, and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955-1985. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 10.
[91] Talbot, Allan R., 1972. Power Along The Hudson: The Storm King Case and the Birth of Environmentalism. E.P. Dutton and Co., New York, p. 131.
[92] Shabecoff, p. 134.
[93] Web page: http://www.nrdc.org.
[94] Web page: http://www.edf.org/; also Rogers, Marion Lane, Acorn Days: The Environmental Defense Fund and How It Grew. Environmental Defense Fund, New York, 1970.
[95] Graham, Frank Jr., 1990. The Audubon Ark. Alfred P. Knopf, New York, p. 241.
[96] Web page: http://www.newyork.sierraclub.org/. Internal politics: Sierra Atlantic, Fall 2000, p. 20-21.
[97] Web page: <http://www.audubon.org/chapter/ny>. All members of the Federation of New York State Bird Clubs are listed at http://www.nybirds.org/.
[98] Listing is at http://findalandtrust.org/states/newyork36/land_trusts#local.
[99] Wadsworth, Bruce, and contributors, 1997. With Wilderness At Heart: A Short History of the Adirondack Mountain Club. Adirondack Mountain Club, Lake George, NY, p. 35.
[100] Web pages: http://www.tu.org/about-us;
http://www.ducks.org/related/new-york-projects.
[101] St. Lawrence EMC Web page: http://www.co.st-lawrence.ny.us/Departments/Planning/EMCOverview.
[102] Figures from Environmental Data Research Institute, Rochester, NY, quoted in Arnold, Ron and Gottlieb, Alan, 1994. Trashing the Economy: How Runaway Environmentalism is Wrecking America, Free Enterprise Press, Bellevue, Washington.
[103] Web page: http://ega.org/.
[104] Talbot, p. 155; Hays, p. 182.
[105] Web page: http://musiciansunited4safeenergy.com/.
[106] Quoted in Wild, Peter, 1986. Pioneer Conservationist of Eastern America. Mountain Press Publishing company, Missoula, p. 215.
[107] Web page: http://www.informinc.org/pages/index.php.
[108] Friedman, Milton, 1980. Free To Choose. Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, New York.
[109] Commoner, Barry, "Pollution Prevention: The Source of an Ethical Foundation for Sustainable Development," published online at http://www.czp.cuni.cz/values/citanka/dobris/barry_commoner.htm.
[110] Much of the information on the DEC and state laws in this chapter is taken from The Department of Environmental Conservation: A 25th Anniversary Review, Nelson A. Rockefeller Institute of Government, February 1996.
[111] Bautista, Eddie, "Garbage Wars: The Struggle for Waterfront Justice," New York Lawyers for the Public Interest, May 1998.
[112] Statistics at http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/index.htm.
[113] http://www.nyc.gov/html/nycwasteless/html/home/home.shtml.
[114] Bautista, Eddie, p. 2.
[115] ibid., p. 3.
[116] Hays, Samuel P., 1987, p. 423.
[117] http://www.nofany.org/index.php.
[118] http://www.epa.gov/hudson/.
[119] http://www.clearwater.org/category/latest-news/.
[120] http://chej.org/.
[121] The Department of Environmental Conservation: A 25th Anniversary Review, p. 210-215.
[122] Hays, Beauty, Health, and Permanence, p. 351.
[123] Terrie, Philip, 1997. Contested Terrain. P. 168-78.
[124] See Adirondack Explorer, summer 2000 special supplement, for descriptions of recent and potential acquisitions.
[125] Cenozoic Society, 68 Riverside Drive #1, Canton NY 13617.
[126] Property Rights Foundation of America, PO Box 75, Stony Creek NY 12878.
