Research

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the City of New York began to face serious financial strain due to a number of factors including increased demand upon social programs, job loss, middle-class flight to the suburbs, and over-reliance on short-term bonds. In 1975, the strain became a crisis when the Urban Development Corporation defaulted on some of its bonds, and the City's own bonds and financing came under closer scrutiny.

Under British colonial rule, appeals from the supreme court of judicature in New York were made to the royal governor and his council, sitting as a court later referred to as the court for the correction of errors and appeals. The court of last resort was the Privy Council, which met in London. The first State constitution in 1777 established the court for the trial of impeachments and correction of errors, replacing the governor and council as New York State's court of last resort. This court exercised final appellate and impeachment jurisdiction.

The authority was created in 1962 (Chapter 210) as the New York State Atomic Research and Development Authority, a public-benefit corporation with three members. Its purpose was to promote the development and use of atomic energy in New York State.

The New York State Archives Partnership Trust (APT) was established by Chapter 758 of the Laws of 1992. Under that law and subsequent amendments to it, the APT is a public benefit corporation intended to create an endowment to help preserve archival State government records and information on them, and to make those records accessible through research, exhibits, and public programs. In order to establish its tax-exempt status in relation to potential donors, the APT is also organized as a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization with the Internal Revenue Service.

In the final decades of the nineteenth century, declining property tax revenues led to a variety of new State taxes, including establishment of a liquor license fee in 1896. The Liquor Tax Law (Chapter 112) of that year abolished all local boards of excise that had previously collected liquor taxes for localities. It created the state commissioner of excise to control liquor traffic under a State fee-licensing system. The commissioner of excise appointed deputies or authorized county treasurers to issue liquor tax certificates and collect fees.

In 1917 (Chapter 161), New York State established a Department of State Police, headed by a superintendent appointed by the governor, to provide law enforcement in the rural areas of the State. The law establishing the department contained a limitation, that remains today, prohibiting the use of State Police within the limits of a city without specific order of the governor. The first contingent of troopers, chosen by the superintendent for two-year enlistments, was organized into four troops stationed at White Plains, Albany, Oneida, and Batavia, respectively.

The 1894 State constitution and subsequent enabling legislation provided for a State Commission of Prisons consisting of eight gubernatorial appointees. The commission was empowered to visit and inspect all penal institutions and to promote humane and efficient administration of these institutions. In 1901 (Chapter 12), the commission membership was reduced to three appointees and the commissioners were assigned to also serve as a Board of Commissioners for Paroled Prisoners.

The Consumer Protection Board was created by the Laws of 1970 (Chapter 294). The board consists of the chairman of the Public Service Commission; the superintendents of the Banking Department and the Insurance Department; the commissioners of the Department of Agriculture and Markets; the Department of Economic Development; the Department of Environmental Conservation; the Department of Health; and the secretary of state. An executive director, chosen by the governor, serves as chairperson of the board.

The Office of the Special Prosecutor for Investigation of the New York City Criminal Justice System was established in 1972 by executive order. The Office had jurisdiction over the entire New York City criminal justice system, and in a few cases, was given authority to investigate alleged criminal activities by criminal justice personnel outside New York City.

In 1867 the first Adirondack reservoir built in order to manage river water was constructed on the Oswegatchie River. The reservoir raised Cranberry Lake thirteen feet and doubled its size. Since then, reservoirs have become the primary means to control flooding and drought in Adirondack rivers. In 1919 the Black River Regulating District was created in order to regulate water levels on the Black River through the use of dams and reservoirs.